前蘇聯的這種狗，獵得了狼，打得過熊

註：該標準中文版翻譯自FCI國際純種犬標準英文版，已發布於CKU新官網-犬種百科

02.03.2011 / EN

FCI-國際純種犬標準第 328 號

CAUCASIAN SHEPHERD DOG

高加索牧羊犬

本圖片並不一定代表該犬種的理想例子

ORIGIN: USSR.

起源：前蘇聯

UTILIZATION: Guard- and watchdog.

用途：看護犬、守衛犬

FCI-CLASSIFICATION:

Group 2 Pinscher and Schnauzer type- Molossian and Swiss Mountain and Cattle Dogs.

Section 2.2 Molossian / Mountain type.

Without working trial.

FCI分組：

第2組 賓莎犬和雪納瑞類-獒犬、瑞士山地犬和瑞士牧牛犬（除瑞士牧牛犬）

第2.2類 獒犬/山地犬

無需工作犬測試。

BRIEF HISTORICAL SUMMARY:

The Caucasian Shepherd Dog (CSD) is considered to be the breed taking its origin from ancient Caucasian dogs. The breed’s expansion covers territories from the Caucasian Range and the steppe regions of Southern Russia. The evolution of the breed was not only a result of natural selection but also influenced by nations that inhabited the Caucasian Region. Historically Caucasian Shepherd dogs were used for guarding and safe-keeping of herds, flocks and dwellings from beasts of prey and predators. The first mention of a large molossoid dogs used by the army of Armenian Tsar Tigran the II dates from the 1 st century BC. Selection work with the breed started in the USSR in the 1920s. Obligatory qualities such as physical power, self-confidence, fearlessness, sharply developed hearing, good sight, and a dense and waterproof coat have been cultivated in the process of selection. All these qualities as well as endurance allows people to use the Caucasian Shepherd Dogs in all kinds of climatic condition including the most severe ones.

歷史沿革：

高加索牧羊犬一般被認為源自於古代高加索犬。

該犬種遍布俄羅斯南部的高加索山脈和草原地區。

該犬種的進化不僅是自然選擇的結果，也受到居住在高加索地區的民族的人為影響。

歷史上的高加索牧羊犬被用作護衛犬，保護牲畜、居民及房屋免受食肉動物的傷害和破壞。

最早關於這種大型獒犬的記載可以追溯到公元前1世紀，當時的亞美尼亞沙皇季格蘭二世在其軍隊中使用了該犬種。

該犬種的選育始於20世紀20年代的前蘇聯。

該犬種的必備品質，如體力充沛、自信、無畏、聽覺發達、視力良好及毛質濃密防水，都在選育過程中得到了很好的培育。

所有這些品質加上超強的忍耐力，都使得高加索牧羊犬能在任何氣候條件甚至最惡劣氣候環境下工作。

GENERAL APPEARANCE:

The Caucasian Shepherd Dog is a harmonious built, large, strong dog with plenty of bone and powerful muscular system; of a slight rectangular format. Sexual dimorphism is well pronounced. Males are masculine, with well developed withers and a bigger head in comparison with females. They are also more massive, bigger and often shorter in body than females. In dogs with longer coat-variety males have a distinctly pronounced mane.

整體外貌：

高加索牧羊犬身體結構協調，體型大，強壯有力，骨量足，肌肉群豐富，充滿力量；體型偏長方形。

兩性差異特徵明顯。

相對於母犬，公犬更雄壯陽剛，肩部發育良好，頭部大。

同時，公犬比母犬的體型更大，但軀體較母犬短。

公犬被毛較長，有非常明顯的鬃毛。

IMPORTANT PROPORTIONS:

The body length exceeds the height at withers by 3-8 %. The length of the forelegs averages 50-52% of the height at the withers. The length of the skull correlates with the length of the muzzle as 3:2.

重要比例：

體長比肩高長3%-8%。

前肢長度平均為肩高的50%-52%。

頭骨與口吻長度的比例為3:2。

BEHAVIOUR / TEMPERAMENT:

Behaviour is steady, active, self-confident, fearless and independent. The Caucasian Shepherd Dog shows a devoted attachment to its master; it is an excellent guard dog.

行為/秉性：性情平穩、順從。

膽大，忠誠，可信賴，從不神經質或無緣無故產生攻擊性。

HEAD: 頭部

CRANIAL REGION: 顱部區域

The head is large, massive, and broad in cheekbones; when viewed from above the head looks like a wedge with broad base.

頭部碩大，厚重，顴骨寬；自上而下觀察，呈寬底楔形。

Skull: Massive and broad; forehead is almost flat, with a marked but not deep furrow. Superciliary ridges are developed, but not protruding. Occipital bone inconspicuous.

頭骨：重，寬；前額幾乎水平，有一道明顯但不太深的褶皺。

眉脊發育良好，但不突出。

枕骨不明顯。

Stop :Noticeable but not clearly marked.

額段：可見但不突出。

FACIAL REGION: 面部區域

Nose: Black, large, with correct open nostrils, not proceeding the muzzle outline. A black nose in solid, spotted or piebald colours is desirable but not obligatory (but genetic blue or liverbrown nose is not allowed).

鼻：黑色，大，鼻孔適當張開，不超出口吻輪廓。

黑色的鼻子，帶有斑紋色或花斑色的最佳，但不是必須有。

（不接受基因上藍色或者肝/棕色鼻子）

Muzzle: Broad and deep, gradually tapering towards the nose; with strong jaws and chin; great depth and is well filled under the eyes. The bridge of the nose is broad. The upper lines of the muzzle and skull run parallel.

口吻：寬，深，至鼻部逐漸變細；上下頜和下巴強壯；口吻深且充盈至眼睛下方。

鼻樑寬闊。

口吻上線和頭骨平行。

Lips: Thick, close-fitting, well pigmented.

嘴唇：厚，緊密閉合，色素充足。

Jaws/Teeth:

Teeth should be healthy, white, strong; incisors are close to each other and in one line. Complete scissor or pincer bite: (i.e.42 teeth).

Injured, broken or knocked out incisors or canines which do not affect the use of the bite is of no consequence, neither is absence of PM1s.

頜/牙齒：牙齒為白色，健康，堅固；門齒緊湊且一條線整齊排列。

完全的剪狀咬合或鉗狀咬合：（42顆牙齒）。

門齒受傷、破損，門齒或犬齒突出，以及前臼齒缺失，如不影響咬合則可以接受，否則視為失格。

Cheeks: Well developed and emphasized by well pronounced chewing muscles.

臉頰：發育良好，咬肌發達。

Eyes: Moderate size, oval in shape, not too deep set, wide and obliquely placed. The colour is different shades of brown from dark to hazelnut. Eyelids are black, dry and close-fitting. Expression is serious, attentive and inquisitive.

眼睛：中等大小，橢圓形，不深陷，兩眼距離較寬，傾斜。

從深到淺的不同棕色。

眼瞼為黑色，干，閉合嚴密。

表情嚴肅，專注而好奇。

Ears: Moderate size, thick, triangular shape naturally pendant, high and wide set. Inner part of ear is close lying to the cheeks. Ears are traditionally cropped in country of origin. Natural ears are of equal value.

耳朵：中等大小，厚，呈三角形，自然下垂，高，位置較寬。

耳朵內部貼近臉頰。

在起源地通常被剪短。

未剪耳是可接受的。

NECK: Of medium length, powerful, low set; rounded in the crosssection. Crest is pronounced especially in males.

頸部：中等長度，有力，位置低；橫斷面圓潤。

公犬有明顯的環狀波紋。

BODY: 軀幹

Body: Very well developed in all dimensions; broad, well-muscled and well balanced.

軀幹：各個部位發育良好；寬，肌肉發達，平衡性佳。

Withers：Well pronounced, moderately long. The height at the withers slightly exceeds the height over the rump.

肩：明顯，長度適中。

肩高略高於臀尖。

Back: Straight, broad, firm.

背：直，寬，結實。

Loin: Short, broad, slightly arched.

腰: 短，寬，略微呈弓形。

Croup: Moderately long, broad, rounded, slightly sloping to root of the tail.

臀：中等長度，寬，圓潤，向尾端略微傾斜。

Chest: Long, broad, well ribbed up, deep in general as well as in its frontal part; in cross-section has broad-oval shape. Ribs well sprung, false ribs are long. The forechest is marked.

胸：長，寬，自然膨起，前胸一般較深；橫截面為扁圓形。

肋骨擴張良好，假肋較長，前胸明顯。

Underline and belly: Belly moderately tucked up towards rear.

下腹線/腹：腹部向後收緊。

TAIL:

Set on high, sickle curve or curled. In repose hanging down reaching the hocks; when the dog is alert, tail can be carried above the backline.

尾：位置高，鐮刀狀彎曲或捲曲狀。

放鬆時下垂至附關節；警覺時高舉過背。

LIMBS: 四肢

FOREQUARTERS: 前軀

General appearance: Well muscled. Viewed from the front, straight, parallel forelegs that are set fairly wide apart.

整體外形：肌肉發達。

自上而下看，直，前腿平行，間距較大。

Shoulder : Strongly muscled. Moderately long, broad, slanting to form an angle of approximately 100 degrees with the upper arm. The shoulder-blade lies close against the chest.

肩：肌肉發達，中等長度，寬，略微傾斜與前肢上臂成100度角。

肩胛緊貼胸部。

Upper arm: Strong and muscular, close fitting.

上臂：強壯，肌肉結實，緊湊。

Elbow: Placed strictly back in parallel axis; turning neither in not out.

肘：向後與身體中線平行，既不內翻也不外翻。

Forearm: Straight, massive, moderately long, well muscled; rounded in cross-section.

前臂：直，中等長度，肌肉發達；橫截面呈圓形。

Metacarpus (Pastern): Short, massive; almost straight viewed from the front and the side.

掌骨（前腿附關節）：短，粗，從前面和側面看幾乎直立。

Forefeet: Large, rounded in shape, well arched, well-knit.

系部：大，呈圓形，自然弓起，結實。

LIMBS: 四肢

HINDQUARTERS: 後軀

General appearance: Viewed from the rear straight, standing parallel and moderately wide. The stifles and hocks sufficiently well angulated when viewed from the side. The hindquarters should not be set too far back.

整體外形：從後面看直，平行，雙腿間距適中。

從側面看後膝關節與附關節成角自然。

後肢不應太向後踏。

Thigh: Broad, well muscled, moderately long.

大腿：寬，肌肉結實，長度適中。

Stifle (Knee):Sufficiently well angulated.

後膝關節：角度適當。

Lowerthigh: Broad, well muscled, moderately long.

小腿：寬，肌肉結實，長度適中。

Hock joint : Broad and lean, sufficiently well bent; firm, turning neither in nor out.

跗關節：寬，傾斜，自然彎曲；結實，既不內翻也不外翻。

Metatarsus (Rear pastern): Not long, massive; almost straight viewed from the front and the side.

跖骨（後腿系部）：不長，粗；從前面和側面看幾乎直立。

Hind feet: Small, round and tight. Toes well arched. Pads thick and hard. Turning neither in nor out.

後足：大，呈圓形，自然拱起，結實。

GAIT/MOVEMENT:

Free, elastic, unhurried movement with good driving power in the hindquarters. Good stability in all joints and with good co-ordination. The trot tends to be the typical movement. The withers are on the same level as the rump, and the backline is relatively stable during movement.

步態/動態：

自由靈活，後驅驅動力強，步伐穩健。

各部位穩定性協調性佳。

慢跑時步態最典型，肩與臀部水平，背部線條平穩。

SKIN: Thick, sufficiently elastic, without any folds and wrinkles.

皮膚：厚，有彈性，無褶皺或皺紋。

COAT: 被毛

Hair: Straight, coarse, stand-off coat with well developed undercoat. The length of guard coat as well as the undercoat should not be less than 5 cm. The coat on the head and forelegs is shorter and thicker. The tail is completely covered with dense coat and looks thick and furry. The longer outer coat forms 「brushes」 on the ears, a 「mane」 around the neck and 「trousers」 on the back sides of the thighs.

毛質：直而粗，立毛下有發達的底毛。

外層被毛和底毛長度不應短於5厘米。

頭部和前腿毛較短，較厚。

尾巴被濃密的被毛覆蓋，看起來厚，密。

外層長毛在耳部形成「刷毛」，勃頸處有「鬃毛」，大腿後側形成褲狀毛裙。

Colour: Any solid colour, piebald or spotted colour. Except for solid black; diluted black or black in any combination or genetic blue or liver brown colour.

毛色: 除黑色，淡黑色，摻雜其他顏色的黑色，遺傳性藍色和肝臟色之外的其他純色和花色皆可。

SIZE AND WEIGHT: 尺寸和重量

Height at the withers:

Males: Desirable height 72-75 cms; Minimum 68 cms;

Females: Desirable height 67-70 cms; Minimum 64 cms.

Larger stature is accepted, as long as conformation is harmonic.

公犬理想高度為72-75厘米，不低於68厘米

母犬理想高度為67-70厘米，不低於64厘米

更大的體型可以接受，但體型必須勻稱。

FAULTS: 缺陷

FAULTS: Any departure from the foregoing points should be considered a fault and the seriousness with which the fault should be regarded should be in exact proportion to its degree and its effect upon the health and welfare of the dog.

缺陷：任何與上述各點的背離均視為缺陷，其缺陷嚴重性嚴格地與其缺陷的程度及其對犬的健康和福利的影響成比例。

SEVERE FAULTS: 失格缺陷

• Too light or too coarse in built.

• Lack of self-confidence.

• Deviations in the sexual dimorphism.

• Head small in proportions to the body; light; narrow; long; coarse; blocky or apple head.

• Abrupt stop.

• Muzzle: downfaced; dishfaced or snipy.

• Teeth too small; widely spaced; incisors not set in one line; any deviation from the dental formula (except for absence of the PM1s).

• Insufficiently marked cheekbones.

• Eyes large; bulging; very light; showing haw; slack eye lids.

• Ears large; thin or set too low.

• Top line roach or sway back; long, sagging or arched loin; rump higher than the withers.

• Body square; too cobby; too long; narrow in both front and rear; too leggy; chest very short, flat or shallow; croup short or steep.

• Stumped tail.

• Weak bone; muscles and ligaments in joints.

• Lacking correct angulations.

• Bowed forearms.

• Unbalanced movement.

• Lack of driving power in the hindquarters.

• Coat that is very soft; curly; has very short guard coat or no undercoat.

• 太輕或太粗糙。
  
  

• 缺乏自信。
  
  

• 背離性別特徵。
  
  

• 頭部相對身體比例太小；太輕；太窄；太長；太粗糙；太方或太圓。
  
  

• 額斷突兀。
  
  

• 口吻：長咀、短咀或尖嘴。
  
  

• 牙齒太小；間距過大；排列不整齊；偏離齒式（前臼齒缺失不在此內）

• 顴骨不明顯

• 眼睛過大；凸出；色淺；瞬膜外露；眼皮鬆弛。
  
  

• 耳朵過大、薄，或位置過低

• 背線不直，過長，凹背、弓腰、臀比肩高

• 體型正方、太小、太長、前後軀太窄，腿太長、胸腔太短、太平、太淺，臀部太短、太突兀。
  
  

• 尾巴僵直。
  
  

• 骨骼不結實，肌肉、韌帶鬆弛。
  
  

• 角度不正確。
  
  

• 前臂彎曲。
  
  

• 步態不平衡。
  
  

• 後驅缺乏推動力。
  
  

• 被毛太軟，太捲曲，外層被毛太短或無底毛。
  
  

DISQUALIFYING FAULTS: 失格缺陷

• Aggressive or overly shy dogs.

• Any dog clearly showing physical or behavioural abnormalities shall be disqualified.

• Any deviation from the required bite.

• Incompleted dental formula (absence of any tooth except the third molars (M3) or the first premolars (PM1s).

• Entropion.

• Wall eyes; deep blue; green shaded or eyes of different colour.

• Docked tail.

• Constant pacing or impossibility to assess the gate.

• Black colour in any variation; solid; diluted; piebald, spotted or as saddle (except for mask).

• Genetic blue colour in any variation or nuance.

• Bluish-grey pigmented nose, lips and eye rims.

• Genetic brown colour in any variation or nuance.

• Genetic brown nose, lips and eye rims.

• Tan-marking in black, blue or brown dogs.

• Height below minimum.

• Severe deviations in the sexual dimorphism in males.

• 有攻擊性或過分羞怯。
  
  

• 任何身體或行為上明顯失常的犬應視為失格。
  
  

• 咬合不正確。
  
  

• 牙齒不完整，（除第3臼齒M3或第1前臼齒PM1s之外）再缺少任何牙齒者。
  
  

• 眼瞼內翻。
  
  

• 斜視、眼色藍、綠或兩眼的顏色不同

• 斷尾。
  
  

• 步伐猶豫或無法跨越門檻的個性。
  
  

• 各式黑色犬：純黑、淡黑、黑白花、黑斑點、黑背黃腹、（臉部黑色不在內）。
  
  

• 遺傳性藍色或其任何變異色。
  
  

• 藍灰色鼻、嘴唇和眼皮。
  
  

• 遺傳性棕色或其任何變異色。
  
  

• 遺傳性棕色比，嘴唇和眼皮。
  
  

• 有深色紋的黑色，藍色或棕色的犬只

• 身高低於最低值。
  
  

• 公犬嚴重缺乏性別特徵。
  
  

N.B.：

• Male animals should have two apparently normal testicles fullydescended into the scrotum.

• Only functionally and clinically healthy dogs, with breed typicalconformation, should be used for breeding.

注：

• 公犬具備兩個明顯正常且完全置於陰囊的睪丸

• 只有身體機能以及臨床表現健康的，具備典型犬種結構的犬只，才可用於繁殖。
  
  

▲ 犬只各部位名稱（FCI標準通用）